1. Discuss the process of digestion in terms of the mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food.(8-2)
2. Describe the general layout of the human alimentary canal.  Explain the function of
the various digestive juices and how the action of each contributes to food decomposition
(physical and/or chemical).(8-3)
3. Outline the purpose of digestion and identify the end products as belonging to one
of the nutrient groups.(8-3)
4. Describe the various human digestive glands and their secretions and enzymes (if
any); and the action of the juices and/or enzymes (salivary, gastric, intestinal, liver,
pancreas) in their function of breaking down food.(8-3)
5. Discuss the phase of digestion that occurs in each segment of the human digestive
system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) and describe the
extent of digestion that takes place .(8-3)
6. Explain why food must be mechanically and chemically broken down before
absorption can occur.(8-2, 8-3)
7. Apply the concepts of diffusion, osmosis and active transport to the process of the
absorption of the end products of digestion into the circulatory system.(8-3)
8. Define peristalsis and explain its role in digestion.(8-3)
9.  Identify the sphincter muscles and state their function.(8-3)
10. llustrate, with examples, how the arrangement of the human digestive system is
adapted to deal with ingestion, digestion and absorption of different kinds of foods (eg.
teeth for shredding food, tongue for moving food in the mouth, muscular esophagus for
pushing food to the stomach , folds in the stomach, muscular layers of the stomch, gastric
glands, villi, pouches in the large intestine, mucous glands, etc.).(8-3)
11. What is the role of the liver with respect to the absorbed nutrients that reach it via
the bloodstream.(8-3)
12. Explain, generally, what cells do with the nutrients that reach them.(8-3)
13. Explain what happens to unabsorbed materials (feces) in the digestive system.(8-3)
14. Show how the large intestine contributes to the healthy functioning of the human
body.(8-3)
15. Make a study of the ways in which nutrition and fitness have become a part of our
modem way of life as a means of promoting such activities as maintaining good nutrition,
preventing disease and maintaining a healthy lifestyle (eg. discuss the use of diets, fat free
nutrition, low-cholesterol diets, vegetarian diets, fitness activities, etc.).(8-1)

1. Formulate a hypothesis which attempts to explain the necessity for a circulatory
system in large, multicellular organisms such as humans.(9-1)
2. Describe the structure and function of an artery, a vein, and a capillary.(9-2)
3. Trace the pathway of blood from the time blood from the body enters the right
atrium of the heart until it is pumped out through the aorta to all other parts of the
body.(9-2)
4. Demonstrate that the heart works as a double pump by describing the pathway of
pulmonary circulation and the pathway of systen-iic circulation.(9-3)
5. Identify  coronary, hepatic-portal and renal circulation as subdivisions of systemic
circulation; explain the role of each in blood circulation.(9-3)
6. Describe lymphatic circulation by identifying the structures of the lymphatic
system and explaining their functions.(9-3)
7. Describe the relationship of structure to function with regard to efficient
circulation by explaining the following examples:
i) the presence of atria and ventricles in the heart,
ii) the presence of the valves in the heart and veins,
iii) the presence of the septum in the heart, and
iv)  the presence of elasticity in the arterial walls.(9-2)
8. Deflne systole and diastole
9. Explain the heartbeat cycle and the mechanisms that control the rate and the
strength of the heartbeat.(9-2)
10. Summarize how blood pressure enables continuous blood flow.(9-2)
11. Explain how a doctor measures a patient's blood pressure.(9-2)
12. Relate how each of the following hinders good circulation:(9-2, pp. 63-64)
i) cholesterol build-up in the arteries,
ii) improper closing of heart valves,
iii) hardening of the arteries (atheriosclerosis) and
iv) high or low blood pressure.(9-2, pp. 63-64)
13. Identify the cellular and noncellular components of the blood and state their
functions.(10-1)
14. Summarize the information that can be learned when blood counts are used as
diagnostic tools; state how such information  might be useful.(10-1)
15. Identify several substances that are transported by blood and expl an excellent
transport medium.(10-1)
16. Identify the types of blood vessel which facilitates the exchange of nutrients and
wastes between the circulatory system and body cells, and describe this exchange
process.(p. 164, pp. 188-189)
17. Outline the protective processes of blood including phagocytosis, antigenantibody
mechanisms and clotting. (10-1, 10-2)
18. Describe the sequence of events that results in blood clotting.(10-1)
19. Identify the four ABO blood types with their antigen and antibody
components.(10-2)
20. Explain the importance of typing and cross-matching blood samples from the
donor and the recipient before a transfusion is performed. Make a list of matches between
donors and recipient ABO blood types that would prevent dangerous clumping of red
blood cells during transfusion.(10-2)
21. Define Rh factors, noting their prevalence in the human population.(10-2)
22 Explain the problem Rh factors may present during pregnancy. (10-2)
23. Define pathogen.(10-2)
24. Differentiate between nonspecific and specific defenses.(10-2)
25. Identify the major natural physical and chemical barriers that act as the body's first
line of defense (nonspecific) against pathogens.(10-2)
26. Describe the inflammatory response, noting how this response functions as a
second line defense (nonspecific) mechanism involving macrophages.(10-2)
27. Define immunity and summarize how the immune system provides it.(10-2)
28. Identify the parts of the human body that make up the immune system.(10-2)
29. Define antigen and describe the immune response that can be caused by
antigens.(10-2)
30. Define antibody.(10-2)
31. Defne primary immune response and secondary immune response.(10-2)
32. Outline the differences in antibody production between a primary immune
response and a secondary irnmune response.(10-2)
33. Describe the specific immune response problems encountered by transplant
patients.(10-2)
34. Describe the active and passive types of immunity as follows:
 i) identify how each type develops,
 ii) exwplain the advantages and disadvantages associated with each type, and
 iii) explain the importance of technologies such as vaccination in assisting a
body to   resist disease.(10-2)
35. Explain the meaning of the words in the AIDS acronym.(10-3)
36. State the cause of AIDS.(10-3)
37. AIDS is an immune disorder characterized by a decreased number of T-
Iymphocytes and explain how the reduction in number of helper T-cells affects the
immune response.(10-3)
38. Explain why AIDS infected people die of infections that are usually no threat to a
healthy immune system.(10-3)
39. Explain how AIDS is spread.(10-3)
40. Explain how AIDS can be prevented.(10-3)
41. What are the societal implications of AIDS(10-3)