Objectives for Unit 4
HOMEOSTASIS
Homestasis: The Concept
1. Define homeostasis. (5-3, 14-1, 16-1, 36-1
)
2. Explain why it is necessary to maintain homeostasis.(5-3,
14-1, 16-1, 36-1)
3. Identify several factors that must be regulated
in order for the human to survive.(5-3, 14-1, 16-1, 36-1)
4. Identify the parts of the human body that
are involved in homeostasis.(5-3, 14-1, 16-1, 36-1)
Homeostasis: The Excretory
System
1. Illustrate the general layout of the kidneys,
ureters, unirnary bladder, and urethra. (12-1)
2. Describe the intemal structure of the kidney.(12-1)
3. Describe the structure and explain the function
of the kidney nephron in tems of filtration and
reabsorption.(12-1)
4. Explain how the kidney maintains homeostasis
with reference to each of the following: water balance, blood pressure,
urea removal, blood pH, and blood composition in ternis of ions such as
sodium and potassium and other nutrients such as anuno acids and lipids.(12-1)
5. Illustrate the general layout of the human
liver, gall bladder and bile duct.
6. Explain the functions of the liver that help
in the maintenance of homeostasis including the storage of excess carbohydrates
as glycogen (sugar regulation by insulin and glucagon), the metabolism
of fats, the metabolism of arffino acids (deaniination and urea formation),
the destruction of old red blood cells (formation of bile and recycling
of chemicals), and detoxification (removal of bacterial toxins, alcohol,
drugs, and poisons such as caffeine and nicotine).(8-3)
8. Describe the cause and symptonis of several
conimon diseases related to the liver(e.g., jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis,
etc.) and explain how each disrupts homeostatic function.(8-3)
Homeostasic Control Centres,
Nervous and Endocrine System
1. Identify the major parts of the human nervous
system and explain the function of each including receptors, conductors,
modulators, and effectors.(14-1, 15-1 to 15-3)
2. Explain why the nervous system is important
in terms of homeostasis.(14-1)
3. Describe the structure of the typical neuron
and explain the function of each part including dendrite, cell body, axon,
axon terminals. and Schwann cells (myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier).(14-1)
4. Identify the direction of information flow
both within neurons and between neurons.(14-1 and 14-2)
5. Differentiate among sensory neuron, interneuron.
and motor neuron and explain the function of
each.(14-1)
6. Describe the mechanism of impulse propogation
in terms of the changes that occur to the ion
distribution inside and outside the neuron (sodium/potassium
pump).(14-1)
7. Explain the meaning of the term threshold
and describe the all-or-none principle.(14-1)
8. Explain the role of neurotransmitters in the
transmission of impulses across synapses both between neurons and at neuromuscular
junctions.(14-1)
9. Describe the effects of different substances
on synaptic function (e.g., bacterial toxins, nerve gas, endorphines, stimulants,
depressants, hallucinogens, etc.).(14-1)
10. Describe the effects of solar common diseases
on synaptic function (e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimers, etc.) and relate these
effects to homeostasis.(14-1)
11. Identify the two major divisions of the nervous
system.(15-1)
12. Identify the parts of the brain and describe
the function of each including cerebrum, thalatnus,
hypothalarnus, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata.(15-1)
12. Explain how the nervous system is protected
(e.g., skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid).(15-1)
13. Compare the structure of the brain and the
spinal cord and explain how the spinal cord functions to coordinate the
flow of information.(15-1)
14. Predict the consequences resulting from damage
to the central nervous system (e.g., strokes, accidental damage to nerves,
concussion and the like).(15-1)
15. Describe the technologies used to explore
the central nervous system (e.g., MRI, EEG, CAT scan).(15-1)
16. Explain the role of the peripheral nervous
system in terms of homeostasis.(pp.27, 292)
17. Describe the types of nerves
that make up the peripheral nervous system.
18. Distinguish between the somatic and autononiic
nervous systems and describe the role of each.(15-2)
19. Describe an example to illustrate the antagonistic
function of the two parts of the autonomic nervous system (e.g., heart
rate, peristalsis, pupil diameter, etc.).(15-2)
20. Describe the reflex arc and explain how the
spinal cord regulates reflexes.(15-2)
21. Explain why a reflex act occurs before awareness
of the stimulus and relate this to its protective function.(15-2)
22. Identify the body senses.(15-2)
23. Identify the major parts of the eye and explain
the function of each.(15-2)
24. Compare the location, structure, and functions
of rods and cones and describe the types of light in which each functions.(15-2)
25. Trace the path of light through the eye and
explain how the amount of light entering the eye is
regulated.(15-2)
26. Distinguish between the fovea and the blind
spot.(pp. 303)
26. Describe the symptoms, causes and treatment
for common eye disorders (e.g., glaucoma, astigmatism, crossed eyes, conjunctivitis,
nearsightedness, and farsightedness).(15-2)
27. Identify the major parts of the ear
and explain their role in hearing and balance.(15-2)
28. Explain how the arrangement of the semicircular
canals is related to their function.(15-2)
29. Identify the effects of noise pollution on
human hearing and homeostasis.(pp.304)
30. Compare the sense of smell and taste, and
describe the interaction between the two in recognition of flavour.(15-2)
31. Describe the location and function of the
sensory receptors in the skin.(15-2)
32. Describe the use of technology (e.g., lenses,
hearing aids, laser surgery, etc.) in the treatment of sensory malfunctions.(pp.301,
303)
33. Define hormone.(16-1)
34. Explain how endocrine control differs
from nervous control.(16-1)
35. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine
glands.(16-1)
36. Identify the location in the body of, name
the hormones produced by, and explain the function of each of the following
endocrine glands: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, reproductive, islets of
langerhans (pancreas), pituitary, and hypothalamus.(16-2)
37. Explain the association between the hypothalamus
and the pituitary gland, and describe the two ways in which the hypothalamus
directs pituitary secretion.(16-2)
38. Identify the symptoms, causes, and treatment
for common endocrine related disorders (e.g., pituitary dwarfism, cretinism,
goitre, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, giantism, etc.).(16-2)
39. Explain how negative feedback regulates hormone
levels in the human body (e.g., adrenalin, thyroxin, insulin and glucagon).(16-21
39. Describe the interaction of the endocrine
and nervous systems in coordinating the activities of the human body (e.g.,
onset of puberty, menstrual cycle, reproductive behaviour, pregnancy, birth,
etc.).(16-2)
40. Evaluate the social, ethical, and health
factors involved when choosing to administer hormones (e.g., steroids in
sports, birth control pills, growth hormones, etc.)(pp.315, 327)
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