Objectives for Unit 3
GENETICS
Classical (Mendelian) Genetics,
Basic Concepts
1. Define the terms heredity and genetics. (p.497-498)
2. State the main idea of the blend theory
of inheritance and describe the evidence on which it is based.
3. Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel
and explain how Mendel's work represents an example of the scientific process.(p.498-502)
4. Explain Mendel's concept of unit characters
and describe the unit theory of inheritance.(p.498-502)
5. Explain the principles of segregation,
dominance, and independent assortment; and indicate how Mendel's experiments
support each.(p.499-502)
6. Describe the mathematical concept of probability
and demonstrate its application to genetics problems.(p. 503-510)
7. Explain the meaning of the following terms:
Purebred, trait, hybrid, gene, allele,
dominant, recessive, homozygous,
heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, filial, and Punnet square.(p.
498-594)
8. Demonstrate the transmission of genes in
one-factor (rnonohybrid) and two-factor (dihybid) crosses. (p.504-509)
9. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
in one-factor (monohybrid) and two-factor dihybid) crosses. (p.504-509)
10 Explain the significance of a test cross.
(p. 506-507)
11. Explain the significance of genotypic
and phenotypic ratios. (p.504-509)
12. Explain the concept of multiple alleles.
(p.511)
13. Demonstrate the inheritance of traits
governed by multiple alleles by predicting the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios in crosses involving human blood types (ABO groups). (p.511)
14. Differentiate among dominance, incomplete
dominance and co-dominance; and illustrate the differentiation by
describing one example for each.(p.509-510)
15. Explain the meaning of the term polygenic
inheritance and illustrate with an example. (p. 523)
Modern Ideas: Walter Sutton
and Thomas Morgan
Thomas
Hunt Morgan
1. Identify and explain each of the processes
involved in the cell cycle including cell growth, duplication of chromosome
material, division of the nucleus (mitosis) and division of the cytoplasm
(cytokinesis). (p.397-404)
2. Differentiate between mitosis and cytokinesis.
(p.397-404)
3. Describe the process of mitosis with particular
emphasis on the behaviour of the chromosomes. (p. 397-404)
One
Student's Perspective on Mitosis
4. Describe the process of meiosis with particular
emphasis on the behaviour of chromosomes during Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
(p. 417-422)
5. Explain the meaning of the terms monoploid
(haploid), diploid, homologous chromosomes, chromatids, centromere, synapsis
and tetrads. (p. 417-430)
6. Differentiate between the process of mitosis
and meiosis and explain the purpose for each. (p. 422)
7. Explain the significance of meiosis for
inheritance.(p. 422)
8. Explain the significance of meiosis and
fertilization to variation. (p. 422)
9. Explain how the behaviour of the chromosomes
during meiosis accounts for Mendel's observations and conclusions concerning
segregation and independent assortment. (p. 397-404 & 497-502)
10. Explain how the work of Walter Sutton
led to the chromosome theory of inheritance. (p. 501-502)
11. State and explain the chromosome theory
of inheritance. (p. 501-502)
12. Describe Morgan's experiments with Drosophila
and explain how his observations supported the chromosome theory of inheritance.(p.
517-520)
13. Explain the concept of sex-linked genes.(p.
518-520)
14. Distinguish between sex chromosomes and
autosomes and explain the role of the sex chromosomes in sex determination.
(p. 518)
15. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
in crosses involving sex-linked traits (e.g. colour blindness, hemophilia,
muscular dystrophy, etc.). (p. 517-520 & 549- 533)
16. Explain why sex-linked traits are more
common in men than in women. (p. 518-520 & section 4-3)
17. Differentiate between sex-1imited and
sex-influenced traits and illustrate with one example for each.
18. Explain the concepts of gene linkage and
crossing-over. (p. 521-522)
19. Explain how the discovery of gene linkage
affected man's understanding of Mendel's law of independent assortment
and state the law of independent assortment in modem terms. (p. 507-508
& 521-522)
Modern (Molecular) Genetics
1. Identify the contribution made by each of the
following to the better understanding of the structure and function of
the DNA molecule: Frederick Griffith; Oswald Avery, MacLyn McCarty, and
Colin MacLeod; Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; Rosalind Franklin and Maurice
Wilkins; Francis Crick and James Watson; and Erwin Chargaff. (p. 524-527)
2. Describe the composition of a typical DNA
nucleotide in terms of its three main parts. (p. 526-527)
3. Sketch a segment of the DNA molecule to
illustrate the manner in which DNA nucleotides join each other. (p. 527)
4. Describe the relationship among nucleus,
nucleolus, chromosomes, chromatin, genes, DNA and RNA.
5. Describe the modern concept of a gene in
terms of the structure of the DNA molecule.
6. Describe a typical RNA nucleotide and explain
how it differs from the DNA nucleotide. (p. 530-532)
7. Explain how DNA codes genetic information.
(P. 529-530)
8. Describe the main events in DNA replication.
(P. 527-528)
9. Explain the importance of DNA replication
to cell division (mitosis and meiosis and the continuity of life.(p. 527-528)
10. Explain how DNA controls the synthesis
of proteins by describing in general terms the process of transcription,
and the role of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA during translation. (p. 529-535)
11. Indicate the role of environment in the
expression of genes. (p. 538-539)
12. Describe the effects of the environment
on gene expression in each of the following:
i) that appear in identical twins.
ii) in the shape of wings in fruit flies due
to temperature.
iii) in the colour of fur in Himalayan rabbits
due to temperature.
iv in the sex of offspring in reptiles due
to incubation temperature.
13. Explain how genetic information encoded
in DNA controls cellular activities and ultimately controls the growth
and development of the organism (e.g. role of enzymes). P. 529-535 &
538-539)
14. Explain the meaning of the term mutation.
(p. 545-548)
15. Identify the factors that cause mutation.
(p. 545-548)
16. Distinguish between somatic and germ mutation
and compare the inheritability of each. (p. 545-548)
17. Distinguish among the different types
of chromosome mutation including deletion, duplication,
inversion, translocation and nondisjunction.
(p.545-548)
18. Distinguish among the different types
of gene mutation including point mutation, base insertion, base deletion,
and frame-shift mutation.
19. Explain Barbara McClintock's concept of
"jumping genes" (theory of transposable elements) and describe how these
genes might contribute to species diversification. (p. 548)
20. Identify several examples of human genetic
diseases and describe their cause (e.g. sickle cell anaemia, Down' s syndrome,
Huntington disease, Turner's syndrome, etc.). (p. 549-552)
21. Describe the various methods of detecting
genetic disorders and possible
treatments (p. 553-554)
22. Define genetic engineering and cite several
examples. (p. 555-561)
23. Why is genetic counselling important?
(p. 553)
24. Give an arguement for the ethical considerations
of genetic engineering and genetic counselling. (p. 560)
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